Connect with us

Bodybuilding

Stacking SARMS: Different SARMS Cycles

Published

on

        SARMs are called selective androgen receptor modulators. Use these compounds after consultation and use only if your age is above 22 years.

SARMs Proprieties:

         They are supposed to develop muscle strength, bone mass, or fat loss, just like androgenic steroids and prohormones; however, they cause lower side effects. SARMs compounds stimulate or block primary receptors depending on their functionality.

       These are not only used by athletes, but individuals with disorders such as muscle wasting problems like cystic fibrosis or sarcopenia, sports injuries, weakness, and muscle atrophy can also use it to get the benefits.

     These are non-toxic to the body and are not converted into active androgen, estrogen-methylated, and aromatized compounds by the body as that is the problem of androids or hormone use. They do not increase prostate weight and do not impact estrogen levels and the HPG axis. Also, you can take once-per-day orally. You also need to do heavy exercising along with its usage.

SARMs Development:

 

      These were named non-steroidal SARMs and have been in use since the 1940s. The first series was cyclic quinolinones compounds derived from steroids.

       SARMs work on particular androgen receptors in the body tissues of the prostate, genitalia, seminal vesicle, testis, skin, ovary, sebaceous glands, cartilage, hair follicles, or throughout the body organs. Initially, they were used to treat the male hypogonadism problem; these are used by athletes to reverse the aging process due to its antagonist activity and to increase muscle mass.

SARMs Stacking / SARMS Cycles:

 

    Different SARMS can be stacked to develop SARMS cycles. Different SARMS drugs are taken simultaneously to get the coactive effect and fasten the bulking, regenerating, healing, and cutting processes during the stacking process. Through stacking, they produce strong effects at the same time. They may give rise to drastic results if inappropriate compounds are stacked, or they are stacked in the wrong way.

Stacking Period:

     The cycle length may be between 6 to 10 weeks, and bodybuilders usually plan for 8 weeks of supplement intake. However, longer sequences may be up to 16 weeks in length, but more extended periods are associated with higher risks, such as they may cause testosterone suppression to high levels. It also requires PCT treatment to normalize the hormonal levels.

Popular SARMS:

 

       Popular SARMs are Andarine or (S-4/ GTx-007), Ostarine or (MK-2866, GTx-024), Ligandrol or (LGD-4033), Cardarine or (GW-501516), BMS-564,929, AC-262,356, JNJ-28330835, LGD-2226, LGD-3303 and S-40503 non-steroidal SARMs.

SARMS Stacking:

 

  • LGD-4033: It is also called as Ligandrol, and it is the most popular SARM to develop muscle strength. With all precautionary steps, it rapidly improves muscle mass by increasing the protein synthesis rate, glycogen storage level, and blood flow. It is comparatively a cheaper SARM than others.
  • RAD-140: also called Testolone, is a famous compound to develop muscle strength and mass. It is persuasive just like testosterone in generating positive effects, while it does not give rise to severe adverse effects so it can be considered perfect for stacking purposes. You can view the combination of RAD—140 and LGD-4033 to get higher bulking goals.
  • MK-677: This compound is named as Ibutamoren, which is similar to growth hormone. Used for muscle building, better skin, and quality sleep.  Also, it can be combined or stacked with the compounds mentioned above to reach high bulking goals. It is a suitable replacement for IGF-1 and HGH growth hormones as it is comparatively less expensive and yields the same benefits with high potential.

         For stacking purposes, you can combine RAD-140, LGD-4033, and MK-677 to make big bucks while MK2866, LGD4033, and MK677 make a lighter stack for long intake.

  • RAD-140 and YK-11 stack:  Also used to develop highly effective bulk. YK-11 as the myostatin hormone inhibitor, which is different from other SARMS.  It is not a SARM, but it has properties and effects similar to SARMS compounds. Myostatin reduces muscles’ growth, and with age, levels of myostatin increase which limit muscle building and lead to muscle loss. Thus, bodybuilders can take YK-11 to inhibit the production of myostatin, that will help develop muscle packs.

Stacking SARMS For Cutting:

 

         You can choose SARMS for slow or fast cutting, as the cutting process preserves muscle mass.   For cutting purpose, you can consider the SARMS combination of Andarine or (S4), Ostarine or (MK-2866), and Cardarine or (GW-501516).

     Ostarine is considered best for this purpose as compared to other SARMs. This mild compound works well even with low caloric value. Ostarine aka. enobosarm, and as both for bulking and cutting cycles.

           Check it here >> https://www.whatsteroids.com/Androsurge-Osta

       Andarine boosts energy levels and brings muscle gains with less calorie intake. It gives strength, burns fat, and increases striations, streaking, and ramified veins. Vascularity makes the skin thinner or veins appear highly visible.

           Check it here >> https://www.whatsteroids.com/LGD-3303

        Cardarine use brings endurance that enhances performance levels. The high cardiovascular ability gives you more strength, enabling you for heavy workouts and leading to muscle strength. 

SARMS Stacking For Re-Composition:

      It increases muscle mass while reducing body fats; the natural process appears slow, while stacks are helpful for rapid outcomes.

       LGD-4033 and S4: Considered suitable for re-composition stacks building. LGD-4033 adds muscle mass, while the S4 compound adds strength. So their combination has fat-burning qualities and helps in muscle gains with a fast mode and during a short period.

       MK-677 is another re-compound that improves GHG levels and controls nitrogen levels in the body that, substantially lead to muscle gains.

       Check it here >> https://www.whatsteroids.com/MK-677

      MK-2866/Ostarine and MK-677 / Ibutamoren SARMS compounds are other useful considerations for healing purposes.

Dosage Levels:

       Dosage levels are mandatory to consider for bulking strength cycles, recomposition cycles, and cutting cycles. A moderate dosage cycle is for veterans and beginners. The advanced SARMS cycle is for extreme athletes. It is essential to initiate with an average dosage and switch to higher levels.

Bulking Cycle:

 

      For the moderate bulking cycle, you can take LGD 4o33 5 mg during the first week while 1o mg from week 2 to week 5 and 15 mg dose afterward. Along it, MK-677 can take 12.5 mg during the first week and 25 mg from 2 to 5 weeks, and 32.5 mg later.

        For the advanced bulking cycle, you need to consume LGD 4o33 5 mg during the first week and 1o mg from 2 to 5 weeks, while 15 mg afterward. MK6 77 will be 25 mg dose throughout the cycle; YK 5 mg during the first week, 1o mg from 2 to 5 weeks, and 2o mg afterward. Ostarine quantities will be 5 mg during the first week, 1o mg from 2 to 5 weeks, and 4o mg later.

        It shows that you must follow particular dosage patterns for all cycles and all compounds. You can consult with healthcare professionals who will determine the dose levels according to your body weight, health, and requirements.

          Facts:

         The IOC added these SARMS compounds in the prohibited substances list in 2008. Moreover, many other sporting organizations such as The NCAA Athletic Association and World Agency of Anti-Doping or WADA have not permitted SARMs compound usage.

           Precautions:

  • Do not switch up SARMS stacks midway to avoid drastic hormonal imbalances.
  • Carefully examine the body’s condition after taking any supplement and specific dosages to avoid complications.
  • You can switch to or try a new stack with already taking SARMS cycle; consultation with the health care professional is better.
  • Stacking is challenging, and proper compound combination with appropriate diet and exercise workouts are mandatory to achieve the desired outcomes.
  • Enough water, protein foods, and three times per week workout are necessary if you want to build massive muscles.

Comments

Bodybuilding

Top Video Games for Bodybuilders in 2024

Published

on

By

There are several video games that can be great for bodybuilders, combining fitness and fun! Here are some of the best options:

Ring Fit Adventure (Nintendo Switch)

The game uses the Ring-Con and Leg Strap to guide you through various exercises and adventures. It's a fun way to get a full-body workout while playing a game.

Fitness Boxing 2: VR Boxing Remastered (PlayStation VR)

It offers a full-body boxing workout with a variety of punches and combos. It's a great way to improve your fitness while enjoying a virtual boxing experience.

Must Read: Marvel-Inspired Training Clothing on Amazon 

Just Dance 2024

This popular dance game gets you moving to the beat with a variety of songs and dance routines. It's a fun way to burn calories and improve your coordination.

Zumba Fitness

Burn It Off (Nintendo Wii): This game offers a fun and energetic Zumba workout, perfect for those who enjoy dancing and want to get a good cardio workout.

Yoga for Beginners

If you're looking for a more relaxing workout, yoga games can help improve flexibility and reduce stress. Many of these games offer guided yoga sessions that you can follow along with.

Gym Tycoon

This game lets you build and manage your own gym, complete with various workout equipment and fitness classes. It's a great way to learn about different exercises and how to create effective workout routines.

The Sims 4: Fitness Stuff Pack

This expansion pack for The Sims 4 adds fitness equipment and activities to the game, allowing you to improve your character's fitness and join the athlete career.

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

While not a traditional fitness game, this classic game includes bodybuilding activities that can help your character gain muscle and improve fitness.

Knockout Home Fitness (Nintendo Switch)

This game offers a variety of boxing workouts that can help improve your strength and endurance.

Gym Simulator 24 (PC)

In this simulation game, you can build and manage your own fitness empire, creating workout routines and managing gym equipment.

Let's Get Fit (Nintendo Switch)

This game focuses on pure workouts, allowing you to set programs and follow along with digital trainers for a customized fitness experience.

Beat Saber (VR)

A popular VR game where you slash blocks to the beat of the music, providing an intense full-body workout.

Synth Riders (PlayStation VR)

This game combines freestyle dance and fitness, offering high-tempo tracks and multiplayer modes for a fun and energetic workout.

Yoga Master (PlayStation)

Designed by professional yoga coaches, this game offers a variety of yoga lessons and poses to improve flexibility and reduce stress.

Les Mills Bodycombat (PlayStation VR)

A martial arts-inspired workout game with a range of workout plans and coaching to keep you motivated.

OhShape Ultimate (PlayStation VR)

This game provides a full-body cardio workout with six sessions and two difficulty levels, designed to engage every part of your body.

These games offer a mix of cardio, strength, and flexibility workouts, making them great additions to your fitness routine.

Related Article: Supplemental Breast Milk for Bodybuilders 

Continue Reading

Bodybuilding

2nd Edition of Natural Bodybuilding Competition Facts

Published

on

By

Natural bodybuilding competitions are designed to promote and celebrate athletes who build their physiques without the use of performance-enhancing drugs. These events emphasize fair play, health, and the natural development of muscle mass and definition.

The second edition of natural bodybuilding competitions has gained momentum globally, particularly focusing on drug-free athletes. These competitions are hosted by various organizations like the INBA/PNBA (International Natural Bodybuilding Association/Professional Natural Bodybuilding Association) and OCB (Organization of Competitive Bodybuilders).

In 2024, several notable events have been planned, including the INBA Natural Universe and INBA World Cup, both of which emphasize natural bodybuilding through rigorous drug testing policies. These events aim to showcase competitors who adhere to strict drug-free protocols, and winners often earn pro cards allowing them to compete in higher-level professional competitions​.

These competitions focus on categories like men's bodybuilding, classic physique, and women's figure and bikini, among others. Athletes undergo polygraph and urine tests to ensure compliance with natural bodybuilding standards. The winners often receive medals, trophies, or pro status​

Drug Testing

Participants undergo rigorous drug testing to ensure they are not using banned substances. This can include urine tests, polygraph tests, and other methods to maintain the integrity of the competition.

Must Read: Piracetol Review Benefits and Side Effect

Categories

Competitions typically feature various categories to accommodate different body types and levels of experience. Common categories include:

  • Men’s and Women’s Bodybuilding
  • Men’s Classic Physique
  • Women’s Figure
  • Bikini
  • Men’s Physique

Judging Criteria

Athletes are judged based on several factors, including:

  • Muscle Mass: The size and volume of muscles.
  • Symmetry: The balance and proportion of the physique.
  • Conditioning: The level of muscle definition and leanness.
  • Presentation: Posing routines and overall stage presence.

Preparation

Competitors often spend months preparing for these events, focusing on strict diet plans, intense workout regimens, and posing practice. The goal is to achieve peak physical condition on the day of the competition.

Community and Support

Natural bodybuilding competitions foster a sense of community among athletes who share a commitment to health and fitness. Many competitors form lasting friendships and support networks through these events.

Starting training for a natural bodybuilding competition is an exciting journey! Here are some key steps to help you get started:

1. Set Clear Goals

Define what you want to achieve. Are you aiming to compete in a specific category like Men’s Physique or Women’s Figure? Setting clear goals will guide your training and nutrition plans.

2. Create a Training Plan

Focus on a well-rounded training program that includes:

  • Compound Movements: Exercises like squats, deadlifts, bench presses, and pull-ups are essential for building overall muscle mass.
  • Isolation Exercises: Target specific muscles to enhance definition and symmetry.
  • Progressive Overload: Gradually increase the weight or reps to continuously challenge your muscles.

3. Follow a Structured Diet

Nutrition is crucial for muscle growth and fat loss:

  • Caloric Intake: Calculate your daily caloric needs based on your goals (bulking or cutting).
  • Macronutrients: Balance your intake of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Aim for high protein to support muscle repair and growth.
  • Micronutrients: Ensure you’re getting enough vitamins and minerals to support overall health.

4. Incorporate Cardio

Cardio helps with fat loss and improves cardiovascular health. Include both steady-state and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions in your routine.

5. Practice Posing

Posing is a critical aspect of bodybuilding competitions. Practice regularly to perfect your form and presentation on stage.

6. Rest and Recovery

Allow your body to recover with adequate sleep and rest days. Overtraining can lead to injuries and hinder progress.

7. Stay Consistent and Patient

Building a competition-ready physique takes time and dedication. Stay consistent with your training and diet, and be patient with your progress.

8. Seek Professional Guidance

Consider working with a coach or trainer who specializes in natural bodybuilding. They can provide personalized advice and help you stay on track.

9. Join a Community

Engage with other natural bodybuilders for support and motivation. Online forums, social media groups, and local gyms can be great places to connect.

Click here to buy 1-Test Cyp/DHB 100 by Dragon Pharma

Qualifications

The qualifications for natural bodybuilding competitions vary slightly between organizations but generally follow these principles:

Drug-Free Status: Athletes must demonstrate they have been drug-free for a specific period, typically between 5 to 10 years. They are required to pass a drug test, usually through urine samples or polygraph tests, to prove they haven't used banned substances like steroids, hormones, or other performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs)​.

Membership Requirements: Competitors often need to be members of the organizing federation. For example, in the World Natural Bodybuilding Federation (WNBF), athletes must have a valid WNBF membership to compete​.

Amateur and Pro Divisions: Most competitions have both amateur and professional divisions. To qualify for a pro division, an athlete must first win an amateur event or obtain a “pro card” by performing exceptionally in a recognized event​.

Age and Gender Categories: Athletes are categorized by age and gender. Categories typically include juniors (under 23), open divisions, masters (over 40), and grandmasters (over 50)​.

Entry and Registration: Competitors must pay an entry fee and complete registration. For certain competitions, a pre-qualification based on past performance may be required​.

Distinction Between Natural and Steroid-Based Bodybuilding

The main differences between natural and steroid-based bodybuilding revolve around the methods used to build muscle and the resulting impacts on the body. Here are some key distinctions:

Natural Bodybuilding

  1. Muscle Growth: Achieved through consistent weight training, proper nutrition, and adequate rest. Muscle growth is gradual and sustainable.
  2. Health: Generally safer with fewer side effects. Promotes overall health, including better cardiovascular health, improved metabolism, and increased bone density.
  3. Appearance: Natural bodybuilders tend to have a more balanced and proportionate physique. Muscle definition is less extreme compared to steroid users.
  4. Recovery: Recovery times are longer, requiring more rest between intense workouts.
  5. Competitions: Natural bodybuilding competitions often have strict drug-testing policies to ensure participants are not using performance-enhancing drugs.

Related Article: T3 Application in Building Muscle Mass

Steroid-Based Bodybuilding

  1. Muscle Growth: Steroids significantly accelerate muscle growth and strength gains. Results are more dramatic and achieved in a shorter time.
  2. Health Risks: Steroid use can lead to serious health issues, including liver damage, cardiovascular problems, hormonal imbalances, and psychological effects like mood swings.
  3. Appearance: Steroid users often have a more “enhanced” look with larger muscle mass, visible veins, and extreme muscle definition, even in the off-season.
  4. Recovery: Faster recovery times due to the anti-inflammatory effects of steroids, allowing for more frequent and intense training sessions.
  5. Side Effects: Visible side effects can include acne, hair loss, gynecomastia (development of breast tissue in men), and changes in secondary sexual characteristics.

Choosing Between the Two

  • Natural Bodybuilding: Ideal for those who prioritize long-term health, sustainable muscle growth, and a balanced lifestyle.
  • Steroid-Based Bodybuilding: Often chosen by those seeking rapid and extreme muscle gains, but it comes with significant health risks and ethical considerations.

Take Away

The main advantage of participating in natural bodybuilding events is the emphasis on health and sustainability. Natural bodybuilding promotes muscle growth through consistent training, proper nutrition, and adequate rest, leading to gradual and sustainable results. This approach minimizes health risks associated with performance-enhancing drugs, such as liver damage and cardiovascular issues. Additionally, natural bodybuilding fosters a balanced and proportionate physique, and the strict drug-testing policies in competitions ensure a fair and level playing field for all participants. This focus on overall well-being and ethical competition makes natural bodybuilding a healthier and more sustainable choice.

Continue Reading

Bodybuilding

Primal Movements: Our Ultimate Guide for Maximum Results

Published

on

By

Primal movements are fundamental, natural movements that our bodies are designed to perform. Incorporating these into your training can enhance strength, mobility, and overall fitness. Here’s an ultimate guide to primal development and movements for bodybuilders:

Buy Cut Long 300 by Dragon Pharma

Understanding Primal Movements

Primal movements are basic, functional movements that mimic the natural actions humans have performed for thousands of years. These movements are essential for developing a strong, balanced, and resilient body. They can be categorized into seven primary patterns:

Related Article: How Much Do You Know About B-AET? A Fat Burner You’ve Been Missing

  1. Push
  2. Pull
  3. Squat
  4. Lunge
  5. Hinge
  6. Rotate
  7. Gait (Locomotion)

The Seven Primal Movement Patterns

Push

Description: Involves moving a weight or resistance away from your body.

Examples: Push-ups, bench press, overhead press.

Muscles Worked: Chest, shoulders, triceps.

Pull

Description: Involves drawing a weight or resistance towards your body.

Examples: Pull-ups, rows, bicep curls.

Muscles Worked: Back, biceps, forearms.

Squat

Description: A fundamental lower-body movement where you lower your hips from a standing position and then stand back up.

Examples: Bodyweight squats, barbell squats, goblet squats.

Muscles Worked: Quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, calves.

Lunge

Description: A single-leg movement that involves stepping forward, backward, or to the side and lowering your hips.

Examples: Forward lunges, reverse lunges, lateral lunges.

Muscles Worked: Quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, calves.

Hinge

Description: Involves bending at the hips while keeping a neutral spine.

Examples: Deadlifts, kettlebell swings, hip thrusts.

Muscles Worked: Hamstrings, glutes, lower back.

Rotate

Description: Involves twisting or rotating the torso.

Examples: Russian twists, woodchoppers, cable rotations.

Muscles Worked: Obliques, abdominals, lower back.

Gait (Locomotion)

Description: Involves movements that propel the body forward.

Examples: Walking, running, crawling, bear crawls.

Muscles Worked: Full body, with emphasis on legs and core.

Benefits of Primal Movements

Functional Strength: Primal movements enhance your ability to perform everyday tasks efficiently and safely.

Improved Mobility: These movements promote flexibility and range of motion, reducing the risk of injury.

Balanced Development: By working multiple muscle groups, primal movements ensure balanced muscle development.

Core Stability: Many primal movements engage the core, improving overall stability and strength.

Increased Caloric Burn: Compound movements like these burn more calories, aiding in fat loss and conditioning.

Incorporating Primal Movements into Your Training

Warm-Up: Start with dynamic stretches and light cardio to prepare your body.

Compound Exercises: Focus on compound exercises that incorporate multiple primal movements.

Progressive Overload: Gradually increase the weight or resistance to continue making gains.

Variety: Mix up your routine to prevent plateaus and keep your workouts interesting.

Recovery: Ensure adequate rest and recovery to allow your muscles to repair and grow.

Sample Primal Movement Workout

Warm-Up: 5-10 minutes of light cardio and dynamic stretching.

Workout:

Push: 3 sets of 10-12 reps of push-ups or bench press.

Pull: 3 sets of 10-12 reps of pull-ups or rows.

Squat: 3 sets of 10-12 reps of bodyweight or barbell squats.

Lunge: 3 sets of 10-12 reps per leg of forward or reverse lunges.

Hinge: 3 sets of 10-12 reps of deadlifts or kettlebell swings.

Rotate: 3 sets of 15-20 reps of Russian twists or cable rotations.

Gait: 3 sets of 30-60 seconds of bear crawls or sprints.

Cool-Down: 5-10 minutes of static stretching and deep breathing exercises.

1. Warm-Up and Mobility Drills

Start your workout with primal movement-based warm-ups to prepare your body. For example:

  • Dynamic stretches: Incorporate lunges with a twist, leg swings, and arm circles.
  • Mobility drills: Include exercises like hip circles, cat-cow stretches, and thoracic rotations.

2. Compound Exercises

Add primal movements as the core of your workout. Here’s how you can structure it:

  • Push Day: Combine bench presses with push-ups.
  • Pull Day: Mix pull-ups with rows.
  • Leg Day: Integrate squats and lunges with deadlifts.

3. Supersets and Circuits

Create supersets or circuits that include primal movements:

  • Superset Example: Pair squats with pull-ups or push-ups with lunges.
  • Circuit Example: Rotate through exercises like kettlebell swings, bear crawls, and Russian twists with minimal rest.

4. Functional Training Days

Dedicate one or two days a week to functional training focused on primal movements:

Sample Functional Workout

    • Warm-Up: 5 minutes of dynamic stretching.
    • Circuit: 3 rounds of:
      • 10 push-ups
      • 10 pull-ups
      • 15 squats
      • 10 lunges per leg
      • 15 kettlebell swings
      • 20 Russian twists
      • 30 seconds of bear crawls
    • Cool-Down: 5 minutes of static stretching.

5. Active Recovery

Use primal movements on active recovery days to promote mobility and flexibility:

  • Activities: Light yoga, walking, or gentle bodyweight exercises like lunges and squats.

6. Progressive Overload

Gradually increase the intensity of primal movements by adding weights or resistance bands:

  • Example: Start with bodyweight squats, then progress to goblet squats, and eventually barbell squats.

7. Listen to Your Body

Pay attention to how your body responds to these movements and adjust accordingly:

  • Modify: If a movement feels too challenging, modify it to suit your fitness level.
  • Rest: Ensure you’re getting adequate rest and recovery to prevent overtraining.

Read More: Cellular Alchemy to Restore Testosterone Levels

Sample Weekly Routine for Primal Movements

Monday: Push Day

  • Bench Press
  • Push-Ups
  • Overhead Press

Tuesday: Pull Day

  • Pull-Ups
  • Rows
  • Bicep Curls

Wednesday: Leg Day

  • Squats
  • Lunges
  • Deadlifts

Thursday: Functional Training

  • Circuit of primal movements (as outlined above)

Friday: Active Recovery

  • Light yoga or walking

Saturday: Full-Body Workout

  • Combination of push, pull, squat, and hinge movements

Sunday: Rest Day

By incorporating these primal movements, you’ll enhance your functional strength, mobility, and overall fitness. If you have any specific goals or need further customization, feel free to ask! Happy training.

For optimal performance in primal movements before a bodybuilding competition, consider these supplements:

Pre-Workout Supplements: These can provide energy and enhance performance. Look for products containing creatinenitric oxide stimulators, and caffeine.

Post-Workout Supplements: Essential for recovery, including protein powdersBCAAs (Branched-Chain Amino Acids), and multivitamins.

Fat Burners and Metabolizers: These can help in reducing body fat while maintaining muscle mass. Ingredients like green tea extract and L-carnitine are popular.

Adaptogens: Supplements like ashwagandha and rhodiola rosea can help manage stress and improve endurance.

Conlusion

Primal movements, which include squatting, lunging, hinging, twisting, walking, pushing, and pulling, benefit from a strong foundation of functional strength and mobility. Ensuring your body is well-nourished and recovered will help you perform these movements effectively.

Incorporating primal movements into your bodybuilding routine can lead to significant improvements in strength, mobility, and overall fitness. By focusing on these fundamental patterns, you can build a well-rounded, resilient body that performs well both in and out of the gym.

Continue Reading

Trending Posts